MUSIC THEORY ONLINE

Seventh Chords

This Musicarta.com music theory online page gives you a comprehensive introduction to the five basic types of seventh chord.

For your music to be interesting, you must know and use seventh chords. Seventh chords make music ‘move’. Seventh chords are four note chords, and the extra note makes the chord ‘top heavy’, so that it wants to move to another chord.

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All sophisticated popular music, and jazz in particular, depends on seventh chords for its interesting sound. Modern keyboard players are expected to be able to build any seventh chord on any root from just a chord symbol. The Musicarta Seventh Chords keyboard drill in this module will show you how to practice that skill efficiently.

Seventh chords are also essential for the Circle of Fifths, the ultimate chord progression and the heart of jazz harmony.

Using MIDI files to help you learn

MIDI files are available to help you learn your seventh chords more quickly.

Here is a short demonstration video of MidiPiano, Musicarta's recommended 'virtual keyboard' playing a seventh chord drill from further on in this module.

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To benefit, you need to download the files and install MidiPiano - it's quick, easy and safe! Learn more on the Musicarta MidiPiano page. Download the MIDI files for this module here. If you need them, there are instructions for dealing with zipped folders on the Musicarta MidiPiano page.

The MIDI files for the musical examples on this page are indicated in the table cells right next to the audio clips. If you have not already done so, take the time to download MidiPiano. No waiting for video to buffer or puzzling over 'the dots', and you can re-size, replay, slow the performance down, zoom in - MidiPiano is sure to prove a valuable addition to your learning resources.

The seventh chords

Seventh chords are four-note chords – the triads you already know (major, minor or diminished) with another note, a major or minor third above, on top.

In root position, the seventh chord chord tones are the root (name-note), plus the third, fifth and seventh scale tones above the root. In other words, in root position, seventh chords are

play one, miss one, play one, miss one, play one, miss one, play one

chords, like this:

or ‘every other note’ chords.

Seventh chords are easy to find using just the white piano keys – the notes of the C major scale. This table shows root position seventh chords built from the notes of the C major scale on the seven scale tones:

You can tell these are

"play one, miss one, play one, miss one, play one, miss one, play one"

or ‘every other note’ chords, because in the written music they are either all next-door line notes or all next-door space notes.

Play seventh chords on every note of the C major scale, going up. (That is, built up from every white key from middle C up to the next C.) Use two hands to make playing the chords easy. Use fingers 2 and 3 or 2 and 4 of both the left and right hands. The scale degrees (notes of the scale) are numbered.

SCD_M1

But although the chords look the same – either stacked line or space notes – there are in fact four different types in the selection above. You can only tell this by counting carefully the semi-tone steps between next-door notes at the keyboard.

If you do this, you will find that between any two next-door notes there are either:

• four semi-tones (= two whole tones = a major third, M) or

• three semi-tones between them (= a minor third, m).

Here are some examples. The four keyboards match the four chords in the written music. Carefully counting shows that there are four different types of chord.

The four different types of chord (shown above) are:

Stacked vertically, they look like this:

The next diagram shows in written music all the seventh chords you can make from the notes of the major scale with the distances between next-door notes – the ‘intervals’, M or m – written as stacks underneath.

You will find that they are all the four different types of seventh chord already counted at the keyboard. To this group, we are going to add one more from the minor key – the diminished chord, consisting entirely of minor thirds (m, m, m).

Naming the seventh chords

Here is a table showing all five types of seventh chords with their quality and proper names:

But the fully-fledged popular music keyboard player has to be able to build any variety of seventh chord on any root – not just find them in white-key C! The Musicarta Seventh Chords keyboard drill offers an efficient way of working towards that goal.

Print hard copies for this module

To study this module effectively from here on, you need to open and print hard copies of the following files. Click on the links to open the pdf's and print them out.

• The Musicarta Seventh Chords master diagram, which looks like this:

• The Musicarta Seventh Chords Drill music, which looks like this:

• Two sample seventh chord ‘evolutions’ ( C evolution and Bb evolution), which look like this:

The Musicarta Seventh Chords keyboard drill

Now we are going to go through a drill for forming the five kinds of seventh chord on root C. Musicarta calls this series of seventh chords an ‘evolution’.

This drill starts from a four-note plain major chord (with the root repeated at the top). Then the chord tones are lowered one by one a semi-tone at a time until the chord has contracted to a diminished seventh chord the smallest seventh chord.

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This is not a finger exercise. It is an eye and ear and brain exercise – to get you seeing the five different sevenths chords in the keyboard and hearing the difference between them. Use two hands to play the chords – any fingers you like. It’s much more important to start building and hearing the seventh chords than to wrestle with the fingering.

The pattern descends by whole tones – the last seventh chord on root C (C diminished seven) goes to a Bb chord, root a whole tone lower. That means there are two series – one starting from the C major chord and one starting from the B major chord. Where – because of the leger lines – it makes more sense to start writing the music in the bass clef (the third chord of each series) the same music is written out in both clefs.

Playing the drill

Play the first line of the drill – the C major chord and the five seventh chords built on C. (End with the B¨chord from the next group for a musical finish.)

Use the music manuscript (written out music), the keyboard ‘evolution’ diagram for C to Bb and the audio file to help you.

SCD_M2

Here’s what you do:

1. You play the full C major chord.

2. You lower the top note a semitone to make a C major seventh chord.

3. You lower the top note again to make a ‘plain’ C seventh chord.

4. You lower the third of the chord to make a C minor seventh chord.

5. You lower the fifth of the chord to make a C minor seventh flattened fifth chord.

6. You lower the top note again to make a C diminished seventh chord.

7. You play a full four-note major chord on Bb, a whole tone below the C chord you started with.

Now repeat the process from the Bb chord. Again, use the music, the keyboard ‘evolution’ diagram and the audio file to guide you.

SCD_M3

1. Play the full Bb major chord.

2. Lower the octave a semitone to make a Bb major seventh chord.

3. Lower the top note again to make a ‘plain’ Bb seven chord.

4. Lower the third of the chord to make a Bb minor seven chord.

5. Lower the fifth of the chord to make a Bb minor seven flattened fifth chord.

6. Lower the top note again to make a Bb diminished seventh chord.

7. Play a full four-note Ab major chord (root a whole tone below).

Say the names

To associate the sound with the chord name, say out loud the type of seventh chord as you play through the series.

1. “Major”

2. “Major seventh”

3. “Seventh”

4. “Minor seventh”

5. “Minor seventh flattened fifth”

6. “Diminished seventh”

7. “Major”

Please note though that this drill is not a piece of music. You would not expect to hear this chord progression. It is a drill to learn the seventh chords by showing how they can be created by progressively lowering the tones of a full (four-note) major chord.

Counting the semitones

In root position, seventh chords are stacks of three thirds. Thirds are either:

• major (four semitones – designated M), or

• minor (three semitones – designated m).

The modern keyboard player has to be able to construct seventh chords on any root both in order to understand music, and to be able to play from chord symbols.

To do this, you have to pay close attention to the semitone counting within the seventh chords and learn the combination of major and minor thirds which make up the five varieties of seventh chord.

The semitone count is shown on the two keyboard pages you used in the module section above – running through the types of seventh chord on roots C and Bb. We can see this vital semitone count more clearly by taking the keyboards away and matching the numbers with our Seventh Chords master line-and-diamond diagram turned on its side.

Note that this table shows only one line of chords from the keyboard drill.

The sequence of five seventh chords on the same root plus the line-and-diamond diagram on the right above shows the chord ‘shrinking’ from the original full major as it goes through the various combinations of major and minor third.

You should be able to play a group of five seventh chords on any root from this diagram. Try it, and, if you don’t at first succeed, try to figure out why.

Prepare the moving note

For a smooth run through the chords you need to know which voice (chord tone) is going to change next.

Here is the line-and-diamond diagram with the about-to-move note circled. You can download a pdf of this diagram using this link.

Try to play any series of seventh chords from one major to the next using just this diagram.

You would hope to start actually hearing the series of seven chords as you look at this diagram. You will probably have to practice to make it happen. You can prepare the way by listening to the audio files of the seventh chords ‘evolutions’ in this module with this diagram in front of you.

Moving to the new major chord

Understanding the transition to the new full major chord is essential for cycling smoothly through the two full series (without the music!), which is what you should be aiming for.

Here are four sample bits where you modulate to the next chord. Play through them from the keyboard diagrams (principally) and the diamond-and-line diagram – it expresses what you need to grasp to get the most out of this exercise.

SCD_M4

The audio file plays the four modulations (twice each) from the top left going round clockwise. You should aim to be able to match the audio speed.

Tell yourself in plain English what happens to the four chord voices when you finally move to the new major chord:

• The bottom note goes down a whole tone (two semitones)

• The two middle notes fall a semitone

• The top note goes up a semitone

Using plain language like this helps you learn music by engaging a part of your brain which already works very well.

You can download and print this pdf file using this link so you can work more conveniently at your keyboard..

Learn the easy parts of the full cycle first

There are two easier portions of the full cycle which cover the more common keys and which you should learn first. They are:

• A – G – F – Eb
  ¨

• E – D – C – Bb

Here is a thumbnail of two keyboard diagrams showing four of those portions; E to D with A to G, and D to C with G to F. The two pages in effect join up.

Print these out full size using these Page One and Page Two links.

Work through the two series (E to C and A to F) with the 'moving note' line-and-diamond diagram in front of you. The music is in the Seventh Chords keyboard drill pdf file you have already printed.

Here are the audio tracks. Audio track one is the E to C series:

SCD_M5

Audio track two is the A to F series:

SCD_M6

Remember to say the chord types out loud play the evolutions or listen to the audio tracks. This helps you recognize the seventh chords when you hear them in popular music.

Here is the list again:

• 1. “Major”

• 2. “Major seventh”

• 3. “Seventh”

• 4. “Minor seventh”

• 5. “Minor seventh flattened fifth”

• 6. “Diminished seventh”

• 7. “Major”

The way forward

By working repeatedly through this Musicarta module you can learn to build any type of seventh chord on any root, without any music or diagrams to help you.

You also want to be able to recognise seventh chords by ear. Once you have got the mechanical movement going, concentrate on saying the types of chord as you play them.

Eventually you should be able to hear the drill in your head without playing it, and name the different seventh chords as they cycle past.

Note that we have dealt with only root position chords in this module. The seventh chords can also appear in inversion – with different chord tones in the bass – and should be practised as broken chords and arpeggios.

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To use seventh chords properly in your music, you need to have a firm grasp of the basic chords in any key. The Musicarta ‘Chords’ portal page has a link to the essential Chord Progressions series of lessons, and details of all Musicarta’s other chord-based modules.

Visit the Musicarta home page for an overview of the site's music theory online offerings, and in particular take a look at the Pyramids Variations home page for an introduction to this free series of chord-based piano lessons online.

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Get an overview of Musicarta in manageable monthly slices – and keep up to date with new postings. Read all about it on the Musicarta Newsletter page. The Musicarta News - regular encouragement to learn and progress! Or – get the Musicarta RSS feed. [What’s that?]

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